+\chapter
+\section*{÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ}
+üÔÏ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÅ ÐÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÔ ×ÁÓ Ó GRASS-ÏÍ É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÎÁÕÞÉÔØÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó
+ÅÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ. îÁ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÉ ÍÙ ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÍ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ,
+ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÞÁÝÅ
+×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÍÁÎÉÐÕÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ É ÉÈ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ×
+GRASS. ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÍÙ ÐÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÍÓÑ Ó ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÅÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ËÁÒÔÙ,
+ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.
+
+\section*{úÁÐÕÓËÁÅÍ GRASS}
+
+ðÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÌÀÂÏÅ ÉÚ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÊ × ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ËÎÉÇÅ, ×Ù
+ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ GRASS É ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ ÅÍÕ, Ó ËÁËÉÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ù
+ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.
+
+ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ GRASS (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{grass4.2} ÉÌÉ
+\texttt{grass5.0}), ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÜËÒÁÎ (\figurename
+\ref{startscreen})
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+\caption{óÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÊ ÜËÒÁÎ GRASS. úÁÍÅÔÉÍ ÞÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×
+Location, Mapset É Database ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ}
+\label{startscreen}
+\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
+\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+
+ GRASS 4.2
+
+ LOCATION: spearfish___ (enter list for list of locations)
+ MAPSET: PERMANENT___ (or mapsets within a location)
+
+ DATABASE: /home/grass/data__________________________
+
+ AFTER COMPLETING ALL ANSWERS, HIT <Esc> TO CONTINUE
+ (OR Ctrl-C TO CANCEL)
+
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\end{minipage}
+
+\end{figure}
+
+åÓÌÉ ÐÏ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ, ÜÔÏÔ ÜËÒÁÎ ÎÅ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, Ó×ÑÖÉÔÅÓØ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ
+ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÉÌÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ
+GRASS.
+
+ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ GRASS-Õ, Ó ËÁËÉÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ù
+ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ. îÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÜËÒÁÎ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ
+LOCATION, MAPSET É DATASET.
+
+LOCATION (ÒÅÇÉÏÎ) ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ É ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ
+ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÑ. ÷ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÕÞÁÓÔËÏÍ ×
+ÇÒÁÆÓÔ×Å ìÅÓÔÅÒÛÉÒ\mnote{ïÈ ÕÖ ÜÔÉ ÁÎÇÌÉÞÁÎÅ! îÉËÏÇÄÁ ÂÙ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÕÍÁÌ
+ÞÔÏ Leicester ÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ìÅÓÔÅÒ}, × ÃÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÏÊ áÎÇÌÉÉ. îÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ Enter
+ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ, ÐÏËÁ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÎÅ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ LOCATION. úÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
+ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ~---\texttt{leics}.
+
+åÓÌÉ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ÂÕË×Ù ÏÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÌÉÎÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ ÐÏ
+ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÚÁÔÒÉÔÅ ÉÈ, ÎÁÖÁ× ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ ðÒÏÂÅÌ.
+
+îÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter ÅÝÅ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ËÕÒÓÏÒ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ
+MAPSET (ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ). îÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ × GRASS~--- ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÊ
+ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë ÔÅËÕÝÅÍÕ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÕ. äÌÑ
+ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ×ÁÛÅ ÌÏÇÉÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ËÁÒÔ. üÔÏ
+ÇÁÒÁÎÔÉÒÕÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÉ, ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ
+ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÙ ËÅÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÅÝÅ. (úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ ÐÏ
+ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ PERMANENT, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÌÀÂÏÊ
+ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ GRASS).
+
+îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ DATABASE (ÂÁÚÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ) × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ ×
+ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ. üÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÙ É ÎÁÂÏÒÙ
+ËÁÒÔ.
+
+{\small
+(úÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏ×~--- ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ
+GRASS ÍÏÖÅ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÄÁÎÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÒÅÄÙ GISDBASE.)
+
+}
+ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÚÁÄÁÌÉ ×ÓÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Esc\footnote{ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ × GRASS ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ Esc
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ \emph{ÎÅ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÍÅÎÙ} ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ, Á ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ, ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ
+\emph{ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÑ}, ËÁË ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔ ËÎÏÐËÉ Ok × ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÙÈ ÏËÎÁÈ
+ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ. üË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÏÍ ËÎÏÐËÉ Cancel ÓÌÕÖÉÔ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ
+Ctrl-C. \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ÐÅÒÅ×}} ÄÌÑ
+×ÈÏÄÁ × ÓÅÁÎÓ GRASS.
+
+\section*{÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × GRASS}
+\begin{description}
+\item[ãÅÌØ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ] ðÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÈ ÎÁ×ÙËÏ× ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × çéó GRASS
+\item[úÁÄÁÞÉ] ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÍÅÔØ:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item ðÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ×
+\item áÎÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ
+\item ÷ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÌÏÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ
+\item óÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÅ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ\mnote{ìÉÈÏ! ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ
+ÚÁÎÑÔÉÉ~--- ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÅ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ. îÁÄÏ ÂÙ ÐÒÉÄÕÍÁÔØ ÓÌÏ×Ï ÐÏÐÒÏÝÅ}
+\item ïÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ×ÓÐÏÍÏÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ
+\end{itemize}
+\end{description}
+
+\begin{figure}[h]\caption{}
+\fbox{
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ GRASS}\\
+\\
+\tt g.list&\tt d.mon\\
+\tt d.rast&\tt r.report\\
+\tt d.legend&\tt d.erase\\
+\tt d.colormode&\tt r.colors\\
+\tt d.colortable&\tt d.histogram\\
+\tt r.patch&\tt r.support\\
+\tt g.remove&\tt exit\\
+\end{tabular}
+}
+\end{figure}
+\section{ûÁÇ 1. ðÏÌÕÞÁÅÍ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ×}
+
+äÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÍÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ×ÓÅÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ
+ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.
+
+\cmdtitle îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \texttt{g.list} É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ \fbox{Enter}.
+
+÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÉÚ 8 ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÔÉÐÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ
+ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ. ÷ÓÅ ÓÌÏÉ × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÉ~--- ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ
+×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ 1 É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter.
+
+\discussion ÷Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ
+ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ × GRASS ËÁË ÎÁÂÏÒ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÈ ,,ÓÌÏÅ×''. ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ
+ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÊ ,,ÔÅÍÅ'', ÔÁËÏÊ ËÁË ÄÏÒÏÇÉ, ÚÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÔÅÒÒÉÔÏÒÉÉÉ ÉÌÉ
+ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔØ ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÑ. ôÁËÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÇÅÏÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ.
+
+÷ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{g.list}
+ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÐÏÍÎÉÔØ ÓÅÂÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÓÌÏÅ×, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË
+×Ù ÎÁÞÎÅÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ Ó×ÏÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ çéó-ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ.
+
+\emph{ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÓÌÏÉ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{maplist}
+ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÙ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ, ËÁË ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ × ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ
+PERMANENT; ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË, ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔÅ ÏÂ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ
+ÉÌÉ ÐÒÅÐÏÄÁ×ÁÔÅÌÀ}
+
+îÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter ÅÝÅ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ g.list
+
+\refstepcounter{figure}\figurename \thefigure:{òÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × ÜÔÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ}\par\nopagebreak
+\label{maplist}
+\fbox{
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\\
+\bf éÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ&\bf îÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÌÏÑ\\
+\\
+crash&íÅÓÔÁ ÄÏÒÏÖÎÏ-ÔÒÁÎÓÐÏÒÔÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÉÓÛÅÓÔ×ÉÊ\\
+contours& éÚÏÌÉÎÉÉ ÒÅÌØÅÆÁ\\
+image & óÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÊ ÓÎÉÍÏË\\
+landcov & òÁÓÔÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏËÒÏ× É ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ\\
+plant & ïÞÉÓÔÎÙÅ ÓÏÏÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ\\
+popln & îÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÅ\\
+rail & öÅÌÅÚÎÙÅ ÄÏÒÏÇÉ\\
+roads & äÏÒÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÅÔØ\\
+segment & úÁÇÒÑÚÎÅÎÎÙÊ ÕÞÁÓÔÏË ÒÅËÉ \\
+source & éÓÔÏÞÎÉË ÚÁÇÒÑÚÎÅÎÉÑ\\
+spillage & òÁÚÌÉ× ÈÉÍÉËÁÔÏ×\\
+topo & ãÉÆÒÏ×ÁÑ ÍÏÄÅÌØ ÒÅÌØÅÆÁ\\
+urban & ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÒÁÊÏÎÙ ÚÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ\\
+water & òÅËÉ É ÄÒ. ×ÏÄÎÙÅ ÏÂßÅËÔÙ\\
+\end{tabular}
+}
+
+\section{ûÁÇ 2: óÍÏÔÒÉÍ ÎÁ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÙÊ ÒÅÇÉÏÎ}
+
+äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ËÁËÕÀ-ÌÉÂÏ ÇÒÁÆÉËÕ × GRASS, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
+ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ \emph{,,ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏËÎÏ''}.
+
+\gcommand{d.mon start=x0}
+
+\begin{figure}[p]
+\fbox{\makebox[10cm]{\rule{0pt}{15cm}}}
+\mnote{ëÔÏ ÓÐÅÒ ËÁÒÔÕ - ÍÏÊ ghostscript ÉÌÉ ÉÈÎÉÊ wordperfect?}
+\caption{ëÁÒÔÁ ÉÓÓÌÅÄÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ}
+\label{map}
+\end{figure}
+\afterpage{\clearpage}
+\discussion ÷ GRASS ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ ÄÏ 7 ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÏËÏÎ
+ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ. ïÎÉ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ x0 ÄÏ x6. ëÁÖÄÏÅ ÏËÎÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ
+ÐÏ ÜËÒÁÎÕ É ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÑ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÌÀÂÏÍ ÕÞÁÓÔËÅ ÜËÒÁÎÁ.
+åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÏËÎÏ, ÐÏÄ×ÅÄÉÔÅ ËÕÒÓÏÒ Ë ÅÇÏ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÕ,
+ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ÌÅ×ÕÀ ËÎÏÐËÕ ÍÙÛÉ É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÏËÎÏ × ÖÅÌÁÅÍÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ,
+ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÏËÎÁ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÕÇÏÌ, É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
+ÍÙÛØ, ÕÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÑ ÌÅ×ÕÀ ËÎÏÐËÕ ÎÁÖÁÔÏÊ.
+
+ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÅÎÙ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅÍ ÏËÎÁ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ
+ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ GRASS-Õ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÏËÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÏ × ÄÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ.
+
+\gcommand{d.mon select=x0}
+
+äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ ÏÓ×ÏÉÌÉÓØ Ó ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÙÍ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÏÍ, ×Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ
+ÜËÒÁÎ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÊ ÓÎÉÍÏË, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÁÓÔ ×ÁÍ ÏÂÝÅÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï
+ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ.
+
+\gcommand{d.rast image}
+
+\discussion üÔÏÔ ÓÎÉÍÏË ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÈÏÖ ÎÁ ÏÂÙÞÎÕÀ
+ÞÅÒÎÏ-ÂÅÌÕÀ ÆÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÀ, ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÕÀ ÉÚ ËÏÓÍÏÓÁ, ÈÏÔÑ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÏÎ
+ÓÄÅÌÁÎ × ÉÎÆÒÁËÒÁÓÎÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ. ïÎ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ
+ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÍ ,,ÒÅÁÌÉÓÔÉÞÎÏÅ'' ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÒÁÊÏÎÅ Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÍÙ
+ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÍ. ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ, ,,ÒÅÁÌÉÓÔÉÞÎÏÓÔØ'' ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÁ ÔÅÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ,
+ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÍÏÄÅÌÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ × GRASS\mnote{îÕ ÞÔÏ ÉÍ ÎÅ
+ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔØ ÓÎÉÍÏË Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÚÁ×ÅÄÏÍÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜËÒÁÎÁ!};
+ÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÁÑ çéó, É ÏÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÒÅÛÅÔËÕ ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÙÈ
+ÑÞÅÅË ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á\footnote{üÔÏ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅ
+ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁ. îÉËÔÏ ÎÅ ÍÅÛÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ (ËÒÏÍÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÈ
+ÚÁÔÒÁÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á É ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÎÁ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÕ) ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ
+ÓÌÏÉ Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÓËÁÎÅÒÁ/ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ.~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ ÐÅÒÅ×.}}.
+
+\emph{óÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÓÎÉÍÏË Ó ÐÌÁÎÏÍ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ (\figurename \ref{map}). ëÁËÉÅ
+ÏÂßÅËÔÙ É ÔÉÐÙ ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÏÚÎÁÔØ?}
+
+\section{ûÁÇ 3: ïÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ}
+\label{step3}
+îÁ ÜÔÏÍ ÛÁÇÅ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ, ×
+ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÈ ÅÇÏ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÉÌÉ ,,ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ'' ÓÅÔËÉ ÑÞÅÅË.
+
+\gcommand{r.report roads units=kilom,percent}
+
+\discussion
+óÉÓÔÅÍÁ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ Ó ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ. ðÏÄ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÏÍ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÍ
+ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ É ÄÁÔÕ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÙ É ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ.
+÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÔÏÐÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ, É
+ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ÍÅÔÒÙ. ðÏ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÁÍ ÇÒÁÎÉà ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ
+É ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÀ (ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ ÑÞÅÊËÉ) ÌÅÇËÏ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÉÔØ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÔÒÏË É ËÏÌÏÎÏË
+× ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÉ.
+
+ðÏÄ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÒÅÇÉÏÎÅ, ÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ É ÉÍÅÎÁ
+ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÏÅ. òÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
+× ÔÅÈ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÙÌÉ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ × ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ( ËÍ${}^2$ É \%
+× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ).
+
+\emph{äÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÓÌÏÅ× ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{listtoreport},
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \texttt{r.report} ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ É
+ÎÁÉÍÅÎÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÅÎÎÕÀ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÀ. äÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ÜÔÏ
+ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ, É ÄÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÎÅÔ? ðÏÞÅÍÕ?}
+
+\refstepcounter{figure}\figurename \thefigure:\par\nopagebreak
+\label{listtoreport}
+\fbox{
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+óÌÏÊ&\parbox{2cm}{îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÁÑ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ}&
+\parbox{2cm}{îÁÉÍÅÎÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÁÑ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ}\\
+\\
+\tt landcov&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\
+\tt popln&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\
+\tt rail&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\
+\tt roads&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\
+\tt topo& \tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\
+\end{tabular}
+}
+
+\discussion ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÔÞÅÔ ÐÏ ÓÌÏÀ
+\texttt{topo} ÐÒÏËÒÕÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ. GRASS ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ×Ï
+×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÏÔÞÅÔ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ
+ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒ ÏÔÞÅÔÁ ÂÙÌ ÂÏÌÅÅ ,,ÄÒÕÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ'', ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ
+\texttt{r.report} Ó ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{more}\footnote{\texttt{less} is
+more than \texttt{more}~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ðÅÒÅ×}}. \texttt{more}~---
+ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÁÎÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ, ÄÅÌÁÀÝÁÑ ÐÁÕÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ
+ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. äÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ðÒÏÂÅÌ, ÄÌÑ
+×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÉÚ \texttt{more}~--- q.
+
+\gcommand{ r.report topo units=kilom,percent \verb!|! more}
+
+\discussion ÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
+GRASS É ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ UNIX~--- ÜÔÏ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÉÄÁÀÝÅÅ GRASS ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ
+ÇÉÂËÏÓÔØ É ÍÏÝÎÏÓÔØ. üÔÏ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÃÅÎÎÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÏ×ÁÔØ
+ÏÂÍÅÎ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ GRASS É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ UNIX.
+
+\section{ûÁÇ 4: ðÒÏÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÅÍ ÓÌÏÉ}
+\label{step4}
+ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ, ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÎÎÙÊ
+×ÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÛÁÇÅ 2, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ×ÓÅ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÌÏÉ,
+ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{maplist} ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ
+\pageref{maplist}.
+
+\gcommand{\tt d.rast roads}
+
+\discussion ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ \texttt{d.rast} ÜÔÏ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ
+ÐÏËÁÚÁ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× × GRASS. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë Ë ËÁÒÔÅ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ
+ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ (\figurename \ref{map}), ÓÔÁÎÅÔ ÏÞÅ×ÉÄÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÓÅÔØ ÄÏÒÏÇ,
+×ÉÄÉÍÁÑ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ~--- ÜÔÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÎÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÔÏÊ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ ËÁÒÔÅ.
+óÔÅÐÅÎØ ÄÅÔÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ É ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ× çéó ×ÁÒØÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ
+× ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ É ÐÌÁÎÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ, ÎÏ
+ÏÎÉ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÉÑÍÉ ÉÌÉ ÍÏÄÅÌÑÍÉ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÍÉÒÁ\footnote{îÅ
+ÚÁÂÙ×ÁÊÔÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ËÁÒÔÁ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÖÅ ÍÏÄÅÌØ. çéó-ÓÌÏÉ, ËÁË É ËÁÒÔÙ~---
+ÍÏÄÅÌÉ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÍÉÒÁ. îÅ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÊÔÅ çéó ËÁË ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ
+ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ. üÔÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ \emph{ÔÏÊ ÖÅ
+ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÍÅÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ}, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÁ ÂÕÍÁÇÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ
+ËÁÒÔÙ.~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ÐÅÒÅ×.}}.
+
+þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ËÁÒÔÕ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÕÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÏÓÐÒÉÑÔÉÑ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ
+ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÕÀ ÓÏ ÓÌÏÅÍ. äÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ×Ù×ÅÄÅÍ ÅÅ × ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏÍ
+ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÏËÎÅ.
+
+\gcommand{\textt{d.mon start x=1 select=x1\\
+d.legend roads}
+
+åÓÌÉ ÎÅÏÂÏÄÉÍÏ, ÐÏÄ×ÉÎØÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÏËÎÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÍÙÛÉ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ
+ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÌÏÊ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÅÇÏ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÏÊ.
+
+\gcommand{d.mon select=x0\\
+d.rast water\\
+\\
+d.mon select=x1\\
+d.erase\\
+d.legend water lines=20}
+
+\discussion ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ GRASSÕ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÄ×ÁÞÕ
+ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏËÎÏ x0.
+ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ \texttt{water}. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
+ÉÚÏÂÒÁÚÉÔØ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÔÏÒÏÅ ,,ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁÒÎÏÅ'' ÏËÎÏ x1.
+ðÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÚÉÔØ ×ÔÏÒÕÀ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ × ÜÔÏÍ ÏËÎÅ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÓÔÅÒÅÔØ
+ÓÔÁÒÕÀ. ëÏÇÄÁ GRASS ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, ÏÎ, ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÙÊ
+ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÉË ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÌÁ ×ÓÅ
+ÏËÎÏ. ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ ËÁÒÔÙ ×ÏÄÎÙÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ× ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÕ
+ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÀ (ÐÏÍÅÞÅÎÎÕÀ ËÁË ÞÅÔÙÒÅ), ÂÕÄÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ËÒÕÐÎÁÑ
+ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ. éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ \texttt{lines=20}, GRASS ÍÁÓÛÔÁÂÉÒÕÅÔ
+ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÂÕÄÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÓÔÉÔØ × ÏËÎÅ 20 ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ.
+
+\emph{ðÏ×ÔÏÒÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÄÌÑ ÓÌÏÅ× \texttt{rail}, \texttt{urban} É
+\texttt{topo} ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÑ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ \texttt{lines}, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ÎÕÖÎÙÍ.
+
+äÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÔÉÐÏ× ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ËÁÒÔ \texttt{d.legend} ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ?}
+
+÷Ù×ÅÄÅÍ ÓÎÏ×Á ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÕÀ ÆÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÀ
+
+\gcommands{d.mon select=x0\\
+d.rast image}
+
+\discussion æÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 8-À ÏÔÔÅÎÏËÁÍÉ
+ÓÅÒÏÇÏ Ã×ÅÔÁ~--- ÄÏÓÔÁÎÏÞÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÐÏÚÎÁÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×
+ÉÓÓÌÅÄÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ. ôÁË ËÁË GRASS ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÏ 240 Ã×ÅÔÏ×
+ÄÁÖÅ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÄÅÛÅ×ÙÈ ×ÉÄÅÏËÁÒÔÁÈ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÏÓÅÍØ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ×?
+GRASS ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ Ã×ÅÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÓÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
+ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÙ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ. ôÁË ËÁË ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ Ã×ÅÔÁ,
+ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï Ã×ÅÔÏ× × ÐÁÌÉÔÒÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÒÅÚÅÒ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ
+ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ× ÓÅÒÏÇÏ\mnote{ïÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ truecolor~---
+ ÏÔËÒÏ×ÅÎÎÏÅ Ó×ÉÎÓÔ×Ï.}. GRASS ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÔÁ×ÉÔ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÀ
+ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÑÞÅÊËÉ ÒÁÓÔÒÁ ÂÌÉÖÁÊÛÉÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ Ã×ÅÔ.
+
+íÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ\footnote{÷ GRASS 4.2~--- ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÁÈ ËÌÁÓÓÁ
+PseudoColor} ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ, ÏÔËÁÚÁ×ÛÉÓÔØ ÏÔ
+ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÙ GRASS É ÏÔÄÁ× ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÁ Ã×ÅÔÏ×
+ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÀ.
+
+õÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÍÙÛÉ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ ÎÁÄ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÏËÎÏÍ x0.
+
+\gcommand{ d.colormode float\\
+ d.rast image}
+
+\discussion ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÕÌÕÞÛÉ×ÛÉÊÓÑ ÆÏÔÏÓÎÉÍÏË
+ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ. âÏÌØÛÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ 256 ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ Ã×ÅÔÏ× ÔÅÐÅÒØ
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ× ÓÅÒÏÇÏ × ÜÔÏÍ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÍ ÏËÎÅ. ëÏÇÄÁ
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ \emph{ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÁÑ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÁÑ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÁ}, GRASS ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÙÅ
+Ã×ÅÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÏËÎÁ, ÎÁÄ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ËÕÒÓÏÒ.
+
+\emph{ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÐÏÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÏËÎÁÍÉ.
+
+þÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ Ó Ã×ÅÔÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÓÎÉÍËÅ É × ÏËÎÅ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÙ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÜÔÏ
+ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ?
+
+ëÏÇÄÁ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ Ã×ÅÔÏ×, É ËÏÇÄÁ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ
+ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ?}
+
+îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ ÓÈÅÍÕ ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÎÉÍËÁ.
+
+\gcommand{ r.colors image color=wave\\
+d.rast image}
+
+\discussion ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ × GRASS Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏÍ Ã×ÅÔÏ×,
+ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÈÒÁÎÉÔ Ã×ÅÔÁ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑÍÉ ÒÁÓÔÒÁ. ã×ÅÔÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ
+ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÍÉ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ. ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ~---
+ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÁÌÉÔÒ GRASS. ÷ ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ
+ÐÁÌÉÔÒÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÁ Ó ÓÅÒÏÊ ({\tt grey}) ËÒÁÓÎÏ-ÚÅÌÅÎÏ-ÓÉÎÀÀ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ
+×ÏÌÎÕ ({\tt wave}).
+
+÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ×ÓÀ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÕÀ Ó ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ.
+
+\gcommand{ d.erase\\
+d.colortable image}
+
+÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÙÈ ÐÁÌÉÔÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ
+×ÙÚ×ÁÎÙ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{r.colors}.
+
+\gcommand{r.colors help}
+
+\discussion{÷ÓÅ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÅ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ \texttt{r.colors}
+ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ. äÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÅ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ
+ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÙ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ \texttt{help} ×
+ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ. éÌÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÁÂÅÒÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÂÅÚ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ÏÎÁ
+ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÐÒÏ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×. ðÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ
+\ref{commandsapndx} ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ËÒÁÔËÕÀ Ó×ÏÄËÕ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ É ×ÓÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ
+×ÓÅÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ GRASS, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ × ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ.
+
+\emph{úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ ÓÎÉÍËÁ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ, ÉÌÉ ×ÓÅ, ÉÚ ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ
+ÐÁÌÉÔÒ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \textt{r.colors help}.
+
+íÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÔØ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ
+ÐÁÌÉÔÒ?}
+
+îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ×ÅÒÎÅÍ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ É Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÏÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ GRASS × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ.
+
+\gcommand{r.colors image color=grey\\
+d.colormode fixed
+d.erase
+}
+\section{ûÁÇ 5: ÷Ù×ÏÄ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÓÌÏÅ}
+
+óÅÊÞÁÓ ÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ GRASS ÄÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ
+ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ËÁÓÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÓÌÏÑ.
+
+\gcommand{d.histogram roads}
+
+\discussion üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÏÔÞÅÔ Ï ÚÎÁÞÅÎÑÈ ÑÞÅÅË
+ÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ. ðÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÊ
+ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. ïÎ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ
+ËÌÁÓÓÏ× É ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÅ Ë ÏÂÝÅÍÕ ÞÉÓÌÕ ÑÞÅÅË. üÔÁ ÆÏÒÍÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÁÅÔ
+ÞÅÔËÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÓÏÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÑÞÅÅË É Ã×ÅÔÏ×.
+
+åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÔÅ
+\texttt{r.report}.
+
+\gcommand{r.report roads}
+
+\emph{ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔÅ ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÑÞÅÅË × ÓÌÏÅ \texttt{road} ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ
+ÄÏÒÏÇÁÍ ËÌÁÓÓÁ 'C' Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ \texttt{d.histogram} É \texttt{r.report}.
+
+ëÁËÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÑÞÅÅË ÜÔÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ?
+
+åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÓÐÏÍÎÉÔØ ËÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ \texttt{r.report}
+×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ûÁÇÕ 3 ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ \pageref{step3}
+
+\medskip
+
+ôÅÐÅÒØ ÚÁÊÍÉÔÅÓØ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅÍ ÇÉÓÔÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÙÈ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ×.
+ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÀ \ref{commandsapndx} ÉÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
+\texttt{d.histogram help} ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ËÁË ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ËÒÕÇÏ×ÕÀ
+ÄÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÕ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÇÉÓÔÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ~--- ÐÏÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ!}
+
+\section{ûÁÇ 6: ïÂßÅÄÉÎÑÅÍ ÓÌÏÉ × ,,ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÕÀ'' ËÁÒÔÕ}
+
+ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÍÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÆÕÎÄÁÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ
+çéó-ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ×ÚÑÔØ Ä×Á ÓÌÏÑ, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÉÈÓÑ Ë ÏÄÎÏÍÕ É ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ
+ÒÅÇÉÏÎÕ É ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ÉÈ × ÏÄÉÎ.
+
+íÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÑÔØ ÓÌÏÉ \texttt{urban}, \texttt{water}, \texttt{rail} É
+\texttt{roads}.
+
+\discussion íÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÅÂÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÏÅ× Ä×ÕÍÑ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ.
+÷Ï-ÐÅÒÏ×ÙÈ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ \emph{,,ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ''}, ËÏÇÄÁ
+ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ × ÏÄÎÏÍ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ
+ÏËÎÅ. üÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ, É ÎÉËÁËÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÜÔÏÍ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ ÎÅ
+ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÅÔÓÑ. ÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ, ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ
+ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ. üÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÁÖÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÔÁË
+ËÁË ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÏÍ ÄÁÌØÛÅ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÁÍÉ çéó.
+
+óÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ.
+
+\gcommand{ d.rast urban\\
+d.rast -o water\\
+d.rast -o rail\\
+d.rast -o roads}
+
+\discussion åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Å \texttt{d.rast} ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÌÀÞ \texttt{-o},
+ÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÎÅ ÓÔÉÒÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÍÅÒÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ. ôÁË ËÁË
+ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ,,ÆÏÎ'' (ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ 0),
+ËÁÖÄÏÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ.
+
+ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÁÌØÔÁÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÐÏÄÈÏÄ É ÓÏÚÄÁÄÉÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ,,ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÊ''
+ÓÌÏÊ
+
+\gcommand{r.patch input=roads,rail,water,urban output=composite}
+
+\discussion ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ \texttt{r.patch} ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ
+ÓÌÏÉ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÑ Ã×ÅÔÁ É ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÅÊ. ôÏÌØËÏ
+ÐÕÓÔÙÅ (ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ 0) ÑÞÅÊËÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÍÅÎÅÎÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÙÍ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ7
+
+\emph{÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ \texttt{composite} ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÛÁÇÕ
+4 ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ \pageref{step4} ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÂÙÌÉ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ
+
+ëÁËÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÎÁËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ?
+
+íÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂßÑÓÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÕ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ ÄÌÑ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ É ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÇ
+ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ? åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÎÑÔØ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË É Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ.
+}
+
+\section{ûÁÇ 7. æÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÛÔÒÉÈÉ Ë ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÏÊ ËÁÒÔÅ}
+
+ëÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ, ÓÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ ÛÁÇÅ 6 É ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÊ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
+\texttt{composite} ÓÏÚÄÁÎ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ×. ë
+ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ÎÏ×ÁÑ ËÁÒÔÁ ÄÏ ÓÉÈ ÐÏÒ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÉÚ ×ÈÏÄÎÙÈ
+ÓÌÏÅ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \texttt{r.patch} (\texttt{roads}). ÷ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ
+ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑ × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ GRASS \texttt{r.support}
+ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÓÌÏÑ.
+
+òÁÂÏÔÁÑ Ó ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ×Ù ÕÚÎÁÅÔÅ ËÏÅ-ÞÔÏ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁËÉÅ ×ÓÐÏÍÏÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ
+ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÙ Ó ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÍ ÓÌÏÅÍ GRASS.
+
+\gcommand{r.support}
+
+\bf{äÉÁÌÏÇ:}\parbox[t]{10cm}{{\tt
+Enter name of the raster file\\
+> \textbf{composite}
+
+Edut the header file for [composite] ?
+> y
+\fbox{Enter}\\
+\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÆÁÊÌÁ É ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÁÊÔ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÉ ÑÞÅÊËÉ)}\\
+\fbox{Esc}\\
+\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ ÇÒÁÎÉÃ ÓÌÏÑ)}\\
+\fbox{Esc}\\
+\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÏÂÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÔÒÏË É ËÏÌÏÎÏË ÒÁÓÔÒÁ)}
+
+Do you accept this header ?
+> \textbf{y}
+
+Update the stats (histogram, range) ?\\
+> \textbf{n}\\
+\textit{(üÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÈÒÁÎÉÔ ×ÅÒÈÎÉÊ É ÎÉÖÎÉÊ
+ÐÒÅÄÅÌÙ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ)}
+
+Edit the category file?\\
+> \textbf{y}\\
+\fbox{Esc}\\
+\textit{úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÎÁ \textbf{Composite Infrastructure Map}
+ÎÁÖÁ× \fbox{Enter} ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÎÅ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ
+ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÁ É ××ÅÄÑ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ}\\
+\fbox{Esc}
+Category file for [composite] updated\\
+\fbox[Enter]
+
+Create/update color table?\\
+> \textbf{n}
+
+Update history file ?\\
+> \textbf{y}\\
+\fbox{Esc}\fbox{Esc}\
+
+}}
+
+\emph[óÅÊÞÁÓ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ
+ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ GRASS!}
+
+\section{úÁËÒÅÐÌÅÎÉÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ}
+
+÷ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÊ ÍÙ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÒÑÄ ÃÅÌÅÊ É
+ÐÅÒÅÞÉÌÉÌÉ ÓÐÉÓÏË ËÏÍÁÎÄ GRASS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÁÍ ×ÓÔÒÅÔÑÔÓÑ. ôÅÐÅÒØ
+ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÍ, ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù Ó×ÑÚÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÃÅÌÑÍÉ É ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÔØ
+ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÉÖÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ. ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÚÎÁÎÉÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ Ï ÉÍÅÎÁÈ
+ËÏÍÍÁÎÄ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ × GRASS. ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ Ó \texttt{d.}
+Ó×ÑÚÁÎÙ Ó ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÅ, \texttt{g.}~--- ÏÂÝÉÅ (general)
+ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÏÐÅÒÉÒÕÒÀÝÉÅ Ó ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, \texttt{i.}~--- ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó
+ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÏÊ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ (image) É \texttt{r.} ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÀÔ Ó
+ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÍÉ ÓÌÏÑÍÉ.
+