From 675d5c6b67857f78bc46166b0fbd32253b4ba466 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Victor Wagner Date: Thu, 23 Aug 2001 07:30:22 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] GRASS SEEDS tutorial --- book.tex | 26 +++ gs_a.tex | 560 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ gs_b.tex | 198 ++++++++++++++++++ gs_intro.tex | 173 ++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 957 insertions(+) create mode 100644 book.tex create mode 100644 gs_a.tex create mode 100644 gs_b.tex create mode 100644 gs_intro.tex diff --git a/book.tex b/book.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f63d1c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/book.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +\includeonly{gs_intro,gs_a,gs_b} +\documentclass{report} +\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc} +\usepackage[russian]{babel} +\usepackage{afterpage} +\title{GRASS SEEDS\\ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈ} +\author{íÉÔÞÅÌ ìÜÎÇÆÏÒÄ \and äÖÏÚÅÆ ÷ÕÄ} +\newcommand{\tofill}[1]{\underline{\hspace{#1}}} +%úÁÍÅÔËÁ ÎÁ ÐÏÌÑÈ +\newcommand{\mnote}[1]{\marginpar{{\notesize\it#1}}} +%ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ GRASS +\newcommand{\cmdtitle}{\bfshape{ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ:}} +\newcommand{\gcommand}[1]{\cmdtitle \parbox[t]{10cm}{{\tt #1}}} +\newcommand{\discussion}{\paragraph{ïÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ:}} +\begin{document} +\maketitle +\include{gs_intro} +\include{gs_a} +\include{gs_b} +\include{gs_c} +\include{gs_d} +\appendix +\include{gs_appen} +\tableofcontents +\end{document} + diff --git a/gs_a.tex b/gs_a.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f0127c --- /dev/null +++ b/gs_a.tex @@ -0,0 +1,560 @@ +\chapter +\section*{÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ} +üÔÏ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÅ ÐÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÔ ×ÁÓ Ó GRASS-ÏÍ É ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÉÔ ÎÁÕÞÉÔØÓÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó +ÅÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÊÓÏÍ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑ. îÁ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÉ ÍÙ ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÍ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, +ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÞÁÝÅ +×ÓÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÐÒÉ ÍÁÎÉÐÕÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ É ÉÈ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ × +GRASS. ëÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÍÙ ÐÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÍÓÑ Ó ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÅÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ËÁÒÔÙ, +ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ. + +\section*{úÁÐÕÓËÁÅÍ GRASS} + +ðÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ×Ù ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÌÀÂÏÅ ÉÚ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÊ × ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ËÎÉÇÅ, ×Ù +ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ GRASS É ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ ÅÍÕ, Ó ËÁËÉÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ù +ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ. + +ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÅ GRASS (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{grass4.2} ÉÌÉ +\texttt{grass5.0}), ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÜËÒÁÎ (\figurename +\ref{startscreen}) + +\begin{figure}[h] +\caption{óÔÁÒÔÏ×ÙÊ ÜËÒÁÎ GRASS. úÁÍÅÔÉÍ ÞÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× +Location, Mapset É Database ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÈ} +\label{startscreen} +\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth} +\small +\begin{verbatim} + + GRASS 4.2 + + LOCATION: spearfish___ (enter list for list of locations) + MAPSET: PERMANENT___ (or mapsets within a location) + + DATABASE: /home/grass/data__________________________ + + AFTER COMPLETING ALL ANSWERS, HIT TO CONTINUE + (OR Ctrl-C TO CANCEL) + +\end{verbatim} + +\end{minipage} + +\end{figure} + +åÓÌÉ ÐÏ ËÁËÉÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÐÒÉÞÉÎÁÍ, ÜÔÏÔ ÜËÒÁÎ ÎÅ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, Ó×ÑÖÉÔÅÓØ Ó ×ÁÛÉÍ +ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ ÉÌÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ ÐÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ËÅ +GRASS. + +ôÅÐÅÒØ ×ÁÍ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ GRASS-Õ, Ó ËÁËÉÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÏÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ù +ÓÏÂÉÒÁÅÔÅÓØ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ. îÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÜËÒÁÎ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ +LOCATION, MAPSET É DATASET. + +LOCATION (ÒÅÇÉÏÎ) ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ É ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ +ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÑ. ÷ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÕÞÁÓÔËÏÍ × +ÇÒÁÆÓÔ×Å ìÅÓÔÅÒÛÉÒ\mnote{ïÈ ÕÖ ÜÔÉ ÁÎÇÌÉÞÁÎÅ! îÉËÏÇÄÁ ÂÙ ÎÅ ÐÏÄÕÍÁÌ +ÞÔÏ Leicester ÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ìÅÓÔÅÒ}, × ÃÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÏÊ áÎÇÌÉÉ. îÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ Enter +ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ, ÐÏËÁ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÎÅ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ LOCATION. úÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ +ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ~---\texttt{leics}. + +åÓÌÉ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ÂÕË×Ù ÏÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÌÉÎÎÏÇÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ ÐÏ +ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÚÁÔÒÉÔÅ ÉÈ, ÎÁÖÁ× ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ ðÒÏÂÅÌ. + +îÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter ÅÝÅ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ËÕÒÓÏÒ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ +MAPSET (ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ). îÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ × GRASS~--- ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÌØÎÙÊ +ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÊ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë ÔÅËÕÝÅÍÕ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÕ. äÌÑ +ÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ×ÁÛÅ ÌÏÇÉÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ËÁÒÔ. üÔÏ +ÇÁÒÁÎÔÉÒÕÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÉÌÉ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌÉ, ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ +ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÙ ËÅÍ-ÌÉÂÏ ÅÝÅ. (úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ ÐÏ +ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ PERMANENT, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÌÀÂÏÊ +ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØ GRASS). + +îÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ DATABASE (ÂÁÚÁ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ) × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ × +ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÉ. üÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ × ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÙ É ÎÁÂÏÒÙ +ËÁÒÔ. + +{\small +(úÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÙÈ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏ×~--- ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ +GRASS ÍÏÖÅ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÄÁÎÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ ÓÒÅÄÙ GISDBASE.) + +} +ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÚÁÄÁÌÉ ×ÓÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ, ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Esc\footnote{ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ × GRASS ËÌÁ×ÉÛÁ Esc +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ \emph{ÎÅ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÍÅÎÙ} ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ, Á ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ, ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ +\emph{ÐÏÄÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÑ}, ËÁË ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔ ËÎÏÐËÉ Ok × ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÄÉÁÌÏÇÏ×ÙÈ ÏËÎÁÈ +ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ. üË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÏÍ ËÎÏÐËÉ Cancel ÓÌÕÖÉÔ ËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÑ ËÌÁ×ÉÛ +Ctrl-C. \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ÐÅÒÅ×}} ÄÌÑ +×ÈÏÄÁ × ÓÅÁÎÓ GRASS. + +\section*{÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × GRASS} +\begin{description} +\item[ãÅÌØ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ] ðÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÈ ÎÁ×ÙËÏ× ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × çéó GRASS +\item[úÁÄÁÞÉ] ðÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÉÑ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÍÅÔØ: +\begin{itemize} +\item ðÏÌÕÞÁÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ× +\item áÎÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ +\item ÷ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÌÏÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ +\item óÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÅ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ\mnote{ìÉÈÏ! ÎÁ ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ +ÚÁÎÑÔÉÉ~--- ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÅ ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ. îÁÄÏ ÂÙ ÐÒÉÄÕÍÁÔØ ÓÌÏ×Ï ÐÏÐÒÏÝÅ} +\item ïÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ×ÓÐÏÍÏÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ +\end{itemize} +\end{description} + +\begin{figure}[h]\caption{} +\fbox{ +\begin{tabular}{ll} +\multicolumn{2}{c}{éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ GRASS}\\ +\\ +\tt g.list&\tt d.mon\\ +\tt d.rast&\tt r.report\\ +\tt d.legend&\tt d.erase\\ +\tt d.colormode&\tt r.colors\\ +\tt d.colortable&\tt d.histogram\\ +\tt r.patch&\tt r.support\\ +\tt g.remove&\tt exit\\ +\end{tabular} +} +\end{figure} +\section{ûÁÇ 1. ðÏÌÕÞÁÅÍ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ×} + +äÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÍÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÓÐÉÓÏË ×ÓÅÈ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ +ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔÓÑ × ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ. + +\cmdtitle îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \texttt{g.list} É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ \fbox{Enter}. + +÷Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÉÚ 8 ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÙÈ ÔÉÐÏ× ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ +ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ. ÷ÓÅ ÓÌÏÉ × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÉ~--- ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ, ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ +×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ 1 É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter. + +\discussion ÷Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔØ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ +ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ × GRASS ËÁË ÎÁÂÏÒ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÈ ,,ÓÌÏÅ×''. ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ +ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÊ ,,ÔÅÍÅ'', ÔÁËÏÊ ËÁË ÄÏÒÏÇÉ, ÚÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÔÅÒÒÉÔÏÒÉÉÉ ÉÌÉ +ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔØ ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÑ. ôÁËÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÇÅÏÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁÈ. + +÷ÁÍ ÐÒÉÄÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{g.list} +ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÐÏÍÎÉÔØ ÓÅÂÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÓÌÏÅ×, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË +×Ù ÎÁÞÎÅÔÅ ÓÏÚÄÁ×ÁÔØ Ó×ÏÉ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ çéó-ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ. + +\emph{ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÓÌÏÉ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{maplist} +ÐÏËÁÚÁÎÙ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ ×ÁÛÅÇÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÁ, ËÁË ×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ × ÎÁÂÏÒ ËÁÒÔ +PERMANENT; ÅÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË, ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔÅ Ï ÜÔÏÍ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ +ÉÌÉ ÐÒÅÐÏÄÁ×ÁÔÅÌÀ} + +îÁÖÍÉÔÅ Enter ÅÝÅ ÒÁÚ ÄÌÑ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ g.list + +\refstepcounter{figure}\figurename \thefigure:{òÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ × ÜÔÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ}\par\nopagebreak +\label{maplist} +\fbox{ +\begin{tabular}{ll} +\\ +\bf éÍÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ&\bf îÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÌÏÑ\\ +\\ +crash&íÅÓÔÁ ÄÏÒÏÖÎÏ-ÔÒÁÎÓÐÏÒÔÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÉÓÛÅÓÔ×ÉÊ\\ +contours& éÚÏÌÉÎÉÉ ÒÅÌØÅÆÁ\\ +image & óÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÊ ÓÎÉÍÏË\\ +landcov & òÁÓÔÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏËÒÏ× É ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ\\ +plant & ïÞÉÓÔÎÙÅ ÓÏÏÒÕÖÅÎÉÑ\\ +popln & îÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÅ\\ +rail & öÅÌÅÚÎÙÅ ÄÏÒÏÇÉ\\ +roads & äÏÒÏÖÎÁÑ ÓÅÔØ\\ +segment & úÁÇÒÑÚÎÅÎÎÙÊ ÕÞÁÓÔÏË ÒÅËÉ \\ +source & éÓÔÏÞÎÉË ÚÁÇÒÑÚÎÅÎÉÑ\\ +spillage & òÁÚÌÉ× ÈÉÍÉËÁÔÏ×\\ +topo & ãÉÆÒÏ×ÁÑ ÍÏÄÅÌØ ÒÅÌØÅÆÁ\\ +urban & ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÒÁÊÏÎÙ ÚÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ\\ +water & òÅËÉ É ÄÒ. ×ÏÄÎÙÅ ÏÂßÅËÔÙ\\ +\end{tabular} +} + +\section{ûÁÇ 2: óÍÏÔÒÉÍ ÎÁ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÙÊ ÒÅÇÉÏÎ} + +äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ËÁËÕÀ-ÌÉÂÏ ÇÒÁÆÉËÕ × GRASS, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ +ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ \emph{,,ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏËÎÏ''}. + +\gcommand{d.mon start=x0} + +\begin{figure}[p] +\fbox{\makebox[10cm]{\rule{0pt}{15cm}}} +\mnote{ëÔÏ ÓÐÅÒ ËÁÒÔÕ - ÍÏÊ ghostscript ÉÌÉ ÉÈÎÉÊ wordperfect?} +\caption{ëÁÒÔÁ ÉÓÓÌÅÄÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ} +\label{map} +\end{figure} +\afterpage{\clearpage} +\discussion ÷ GRASS ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÔËÒÙÔØ ÄÏ 7 ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÏËÏÎ +ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ. ïÎÉ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÏÔ x0 ÄÏ x6. ëÁÖÄÏÅ ÏËÎÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ +ÐÏ ÜËÒÁÎÕ É ÉÚÍÅÎÑÔØ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÁÇÁÑ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÌÀÂÏÍ ÕÞÁÓÔËÅ ÜËÒÁÎÁ. +åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÏËÎÏ, ÐÏÄ×ÅÄÉÔÅ ËÕÒÓÏÒ Ë ÅÇÏ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÕ, +ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ÌÅ×ÕÀ ËÎÏÐËÕ ÍÙÛÉ É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÏËÎÏ × ÖÅÌÁÅÍÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, +ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÏËÎÁ, ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÅÇÏ ÎÁ ÕÇÏÌ, É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ +ÍÙÛØ, ÕÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÑ ÌÅ×ÕÀ ËÎÏÐËÕ ÎÁÖÁÔÏÊ. + +ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÕÄÏ×ÌÅÔ×ÏÒÅÎÙ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅÍ ÏËÎÁ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ +ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔØ GRASS-Õ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÏËÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÏ × ÄÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ. + +\gcommand{d.mon select=x0} + +äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÂÙÓÔÒÅÅ ÏÓ×ÏÉÌÉÓØ Ó ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÙÍ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÏÍ, ×Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ +ÜËÒÁÎ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÊ ÓÎÉÍÏË, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÁÓÔ ×ÁÍ ÏÂÝÅÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï +ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ. + +\gcommand{d.rast image} + +\discussion üÔÏÔ ÓÎÉÍÏË ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÐÏÈÏÖ ÎÁ ÏÂÙÞÎÕÀ +ÞÅÒÎÏ-ÂÅÌÕÀ ÆÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÀ, ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÕÀ ÉÚ ËÏÓÍÏÓÁ, ÈÏÔÑ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÏÎ +ÓÄÅÌÁÎ × ÉÎÆÒÁËÒÁÓÎÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ. ïÎ ÐÒÅÄÎÁÚÎÁÞÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ +ÐÒÅÄÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÍ ,,ÒÅÁÌÉÓÔÉÞÎÏÅ'' ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÒÁÊÏÎÅ Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÍÙ +ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÍ. ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ, ,,ÒÅÁÌÉÓÔÉÞÎÏÓÔØ'' ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÁ ÔÅÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ, +ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Ï ÍÏÄÅÌÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ × GRASS\mnote{îÕ ÞÔÏ ÉÍ ÎÅ +ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔØ ÓÎÉÍÏË Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÚÁ×ÅÄÏÍÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÜËÒÁÎÁ!}; +ÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÁÑ çéó, É ÏÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÒÅÛÅÔËÕ ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÙÈ +ÑÞÅÅË ÄÌÑ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á\footnote{üÔÏ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅ +ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁ. îÉËÔÏ ÎÅ ÍÅÛÁÅÔ ×ÁÍ (ËÒÏÍÅ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÙÈ +ÚÁÔÒÁÔ ÄÉÓËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á É ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÎÁ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÕ) ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ +ÓÌÏÉ Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅÍ ÓËÁÎÅÒÁ/ÐÒÉÎÔÅÒÁ.~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ ÐÅÒÅ×.}}. + +\emph{óÒÁ×ÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÓÎÉÍÏË Ó ÐÌÁÎÏÍ ÒÁÊÏÎÁ (\figurename \ref{map}). ëÁËÉÅ +ÏÂßÅËÔÙ É ÔÉÐÙ ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÐÏÚÎÁÔØ?} + +\section{ûÁÇ 3: ïÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÍ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ} +\label{step3} +îÁ ÜÔÏÍ ÛÁÇÅ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ, × +ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁÈ ÅÇÏ ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÉÌÉ ,,ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ'' ÓÅÔËÉ ÑÞÅÅË. + +\gcommand{r.report roads units=kilom,percent} + +\discussion +óÉÓÔÅÍÁ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ Ó ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ. ðÏÄ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÏÍ, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÍ +ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ É ÄÁÔÕ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÙ É ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁ. +÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÔÏÐÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ, É +ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ÍÅÔÒÙ. ðÏ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÁÍ ÇÒÁÎÉà ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ +É ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÀ (ÒÁÚÍÅÒÕ ÑÞÅÊËÉ) ÌÅÇËÏ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÉÔØ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÔÒÏË É ËÏÌÏÎÏË +× ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÉ. + +ðÏÄ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ï ÒÅÇÉÏÎÅ, ÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ É ÉÍÅÎÁ +ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÏÅ. òÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ +× ÔÅÈ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÁÈ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÂÙÌÉ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙ × ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ( ËÍ${}^2$ É \% +× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ). + +\emph{äÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÓÌÏÅ× ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{listtoreport}, +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ \texttt{r.report} ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ É +ÎÁÉÍÅÎÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÅÎÎÕÀ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÀ. äÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ÜÔÏ +ÐÏÌÅÚÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ, É ÄÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÎÅÔ? ðÏÞÅÍÕ?} + +\refstepcounter{figure}\figurename \thefigure:\par\nopagebreak +\label{listtoreport} +\fbox{ +\begin{tabular}{lll} +óÌÏÊ&\parbox{2cm}{îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÁÑ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ}& +\parbox{2cm}{îÁÉÍÅÎÅÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÎÁÑ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ}\\ +\\ +\tt landcov&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\ +\tt popln&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\ +\tt rail&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\ +\tt roads&\tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\ +\tt topo& \tofill{2cm}&\tofill{2cm}\\ +\end{tabular} +} + +\discussion ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÌÉ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÔÞÅÔ ÐÏ ÓÌÏÀ +\texttt{topo} ÐÒÏËÒÕÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ. GRASS ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ×Ï +×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÏÔÞÅÔ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ +ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒ ÏÔÞÅÔÁ ÂÙÌ ÂÏÌÅÅ ,,ÄÒÕÖÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ'', ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ +\texttt{r.report} Ó ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{more}\footnote{\texttt{less} is +more than \texttt{more}~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ðÅÒÅ×}}. \texttt{more}~--- +ÕÔÉÌÉÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÁÎÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÔÅËÓÔÁ, ÄÅÌÁÀÝÁÑ ÐÁÕÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ +ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. äÌÑ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ðÒÏÂÅÌ, ÄÌÑ +×ÙÈÏÄÁ ÉÚ \texttt{more}~--- q. + +\gcommand{ r.report topo units=kilom,percent \verb!|! more} + +\discussion ÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ +GRASS É ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ UNIX~--- ÜÔÏ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×Ï ÐÒÉÄÁÀÝÅÅ GRASS ÏÞÅÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ +ÇÉÂËÏÓÔØ É ÍÏÝÎÏÓÔØ. üÔÏ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÃÅÎÎÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÏ×ÁÔØ +ÏÂÍÅÎ ÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ GRASS É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍÉ UNIX. + +\section{ûÁÇ 4: ðÒÏÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÅÍ ÓÌÏÉ} +\label{step4} +ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ, ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÎÎÙÊ +×ÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÛÁÇÅ 2, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ×ÓÅ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÌÏÉ, +ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁ \figurename \ref{maplist} ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ +\pageref{maplist}. + +\gcommand{\tt d.rast roads} + +\discussion ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ \texttt{d.rast} ÜÔÏ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏ +ÐÏËÁÚÁ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× × GRASS. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë Ë ËÁÒÔÅ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ +ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ (\figurename \ref{map}), ÓÔÁÎÅÔ ÏÞÅ×ÉÄÎÏ, ÞÔÏ ÓÅÔØ ÄÏÒÏÇ, +×ÉÄÉÍÁÑ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ~--- ÜÔÏ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÎÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÔÏÊ, ÞÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ÎÁ ËÁÒÔÅ. +óÔÅÐÅÎØ ÄÅÔÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ É ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ× çéó ×ÁÒØÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ +× ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ É ÐÌÁÎÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ, ÎÏ +ÏÎÉ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÉÑÍÉ ÉÌÉ ÍÏÄÅÌÑÍÉ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÍÉÒÁ\footnote{îÅ +ÚÁÂÙ×ÁÊÔÅ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ËÁÒÔÁ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÖÅ ÍÏÄÅÌØ. çéó-ÓÌÏÉ, ËÁË É ËÁÒÔÙ~--- +ÍÏÄÅÌÉ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÍÉÒÁ. îÅ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÊÔÅ çéó ËÁË ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ +ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ËÁÒÔÙ. üÔÏ ËÏÍÐØÀÔÅÒÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ \emph{ÔÏÊ ÖÅ +ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÍÅÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ}, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÎÁ ÂÕÍÁÇÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ × ×ÉÄÅ +ËÁÒÔÙ.~--- \emph{ðÒÉÍ. ÐÅÒÅ×.}}. + +þÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ËÁÒÔÕ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÕÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÄÌÑ ×ÏÓÐÒÉÑÔÉÑ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ×Ù×ÅÓÔÉ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ +ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÕÀ ÓÏ ÓÌÏÅÍ. äÌÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ×Ù×ÅÄÅÍ ÅÅ × ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÏÍ +ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ ÏËÎÅ. + +\gcommand{\textt{d.mon start x=1 select=x1\\ +d.legend roads} + +åÓÌÉ ÎÅÏÂÏÄÉÍÏ, ÐÏÄ×ÉÎØÔÅ ÎÏ×ÏÅ ÏËÎÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÍÙÛÉ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ +ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÓÌÏÊ ×ÍÅÓÔÅ Ó ÅÇÏ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÏÊ. + +\gcommand{d.mon select=x0\\ +d.rast water\\ +\\ +d.mon select=x1\\ +d.erase\\ +d.legend water lines=20} + +\discussion ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ GRASSÕ, ÞÔÏ ×ÙÄ×ÁÞÕ +ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏËÎÏ x0. +ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ \texttt{water}. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ +ÉÚÏÂÒÁÚÉÔØ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ×ÔÏÒÏÅ ,,ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁÒÎÏÅ'' ÏËÎÏ x1. +ðÒÅÖÄÅ ÞÅÍ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÚÉÔØ ×ÔÏÒÕÀ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ × ÜÔÏÍ ÏËÎÅ, ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÓÔÅÒÅÔØ +ÓÔÁÒÕÀ. ëÏÇÄÁ GRASS ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ, ÏÎ, ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ, ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÙÊ +ÐÒÑÍÏÕÇÏÌØÎÉË ÎÁÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÌÁ ×ÓÅ +ÏËÎÏ. ðÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ ËÁÒÔÙ ×ÏÄÎÙÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ× ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÕ +ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÀ (ÐÏÍÅÞÅÎÎÕÀ ËÁË ÞÅÔÙÒÅ), ÂÕÄÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÁ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ËÒÕÐÎÁÑ +ÌÅÇÅÎÄÁ. éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ \texttt{lines=20}, GRASS ÍÁÓÛÔÁÂÉÒÕÅÔ +ÌÅÇÅÎÄÕ ÔÁË, ËÁË ÂÕÄÔÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÓÔÉÔØ × ÏËÎÅ 20 ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ. + +\emph{ðÏ×ÔÏÒÉÔÅ ÐÒÏÃÅÄÕÒÕ ÄÌÑ ÓÌÏÅ× \texttt{rail}, \texttt{urban} É +\texttt{topo} ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÑ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ \texttt{lines}, ÅÓÌÉ ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ ÎÕÖÎÙÍ. + +äÌÑ ËÁËÉÈ ÔÉÐÏ× ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ËÁÒÔ \texttt{d.legend} ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ?} + +÷Ù×ÅÄÅÍ ÓÎÏ×Á ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÕÀ ÆÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÀ + +\gcommands{d.mon select=x0\\ +d.rast image} + +\discussion æÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÏÔÒÉÓÏ×ÁÎÁ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 8-À ÏÔÔÅÎÏËÁÍÉ +ÓÅÒÏÇÏ Ã×ÅÔÁ~--- ÄÏÓÔÁÎÏÞÎÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÐÏÚÎÁÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ× +ÉÓÓÌÅÄÕÅÍÏÇÏ ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ. ôÁË ËÁË GRASS ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÏ 240 Ã×ÅÔÏ× +ÄÁÖÅ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÄÅÛÅ×ÙÈ ×ÉÄÅÏËÁÒÔÁÈ, ÐÏÞÅÍÕ ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÏÓÅÍØ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ×? +GRASS ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ Ã×ÅÔÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÓÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ +ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÙ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ. ôÁË ËÁË ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ Ã×ÅÔÁ, + ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï Ã×ÅÔÏ× × ÐÁÌÉÔÒÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÒÅÚÅÒ×ÉÒÏ×ÁÎÏ + ÄÌÑ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ× ÓÅÒÏÇÏ\mnote{ïÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖËÉ truecolor~--- + ÏÔËÒÏ×ÅÎÎÏÅ Ó×ÉÎÓÔ×Ï.}. GRASS ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÔÁ×ÉÔ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÀ + ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÑÞÅÊËÉ ÒÁÓÔÒÁ ÂÌÉÖÁÊÛÉÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ Ã×ÅÔ. + +íÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ\footnote{÷ GRASS 4.2~--- ÔÏÌØËÏ ÎÁ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÁÈ ËÌÁÓÓÁ +PseudoColor} ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ, ÏÔËÁÚÁ×ÛÉÓÔØ ÏÔ +ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÙ GRASS É ÏÔÄÁ× ÂÏÌØÛÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÁ Ã×ÅÔÏ× +ÏÄÎÏÍÕ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÀ. + +õÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÍÙÛÉ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ ÎÁÄ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÏËÎÏÍ x0. + +\gcommand{ d.colormode float\\ + d.rast image} + +\discussion ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÕÌÕÞÛÉ×ÛÉÊÓÑ ÆÏÔÏÓÎÉÍÏË +ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÕÞÁÓÔËÁ. âÏÌØÛÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ 256 ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ Ã×ÅÔÏ× ÔÅÐÅÒØ +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÏÔÔÅÎËÏ× ÓÅÒÏÇÏ × ÜÔÏÍ ÅÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÍ ÏËÎÅ. ëÏÇÄÁ +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ \emph{ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÁÑ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÁÑ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÁ}, GRASS ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÙÅ +Ã×ÅÔÁ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÏËÎÁ, ÎÁÄ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ËÕÒÓÏÒ. + +\emph{ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÐÏÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÁÔØ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÒÁÚÎÙÍÉ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÏËÎÁÍÉ. + +þÔÏ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ Ó Ã×ÅÔÁÍÉ ÎÁ ÓÎÉÍËÅ É × ÏËÎÅ ÌÅÇÅÎÄÙ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÜÔÏ +ÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ? + +ëÏÇÄÁ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÌÁ×ÁÀÝÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ Ã×ÅÔÏ×, É ËÏÇÄÁ ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ +ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÐÏÄÈÏÄÉÔ?} + +îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ ÓÈÅÍÕ ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÎÉÍËÁ. + +\gcommand{ r.colors image color=wave\\ +d.rast image} + +\discussion ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ × GRASS Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó ÆÁÊÌÏÍ Ã×ÅÔÏ×, +ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÈÒÁÎÉÔ Ã×ÅÔÁ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑÍÉ ÒÁÓÔÒÁ. ã×ÅÔÏ×ÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ +ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÍÉ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ. ïÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÐÒÏÓÔÙÈ~--- +ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÁÌÉÔÒ GRASS. ÷ ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ +ÐÁÌÉÔÒÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÁ Ó ÓÅÒÏÊ ({\tt grey}) ËÒÁÓÎÏ-ÚÅÌÅÎÏ-ÓÉÎÀÀ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ +×ÏÌÎÕ ({\tt wave}). + +÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ ×ÓÀ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÕÀ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÕÀ Ó ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ. + +\gcommand{ d.erase\\ +d.colortable image} + +÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÊ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÙÈ ÐÁÌÉÔÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ +×ÙÚ×ÁÎÙ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \texttt{r.colors}. + +\gcommand{r.colors help} + +\discussion{÷ÓÅ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ, ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÅ × ËÏÍÁÎÄÅ \texttt{r.colors} +ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ. äÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÅ ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÙ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ +ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÙ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÎÁÂÏÒÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ \texttt{help} × +ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ. éÌÉ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÁÂÅÒÅÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ÂÅÚ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×, ÏÎÁ +ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁÄÁ×ÁÔØ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÐÒÏ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ×. ðÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ +\ref{commandsapndx} ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ËÒÁÔËÕÀ Ó×ÏÄËÕ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ É ×ÓÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ +×ÓÅÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄ GRASS, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ × ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑÈ. + +\emph{úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ ÓÎÉÍËÁ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ, ÉÌÉ ×ÓÅ, ÉÚ ÐÒÅÄÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ +ÐÁÌÉÔÒ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ \textt{r.colors help}. + +íÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÔØ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ +ÐÁÌÉÔÒ?} + +îÁËÏÎÅÃ, ×ÅÒÎÅÍ ÐÁÌÉÔÒÕ É Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÏÊ ÒÅÖÉÍ GRASS × ÉÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ. + +\gcommand{r.colors image color=grey\\ +d.colormode fixed +d.erase +} +\section{ûÁÇ 5: ÷Ù×ÏÄ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ Ï ÓÌÏÅ} + +óÅÊÞÁÓ ÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ GRASS ÄÌÑ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ +ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, ËÁÓÁÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÓÌÏÑ. + +\gcommand{d.histogram roads} + +\discussion üÔÁ ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÔ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÏÔÞÅÔ Ï ÚÎÁÞÅÎÑÈ ÑÞÅÅË +ÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ. ðÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÂÏÒ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌØÎÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏÊ +ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. ïÎ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ×ÎÕÔÒÉ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÎÔÅÒ×ÁÌÁ +ËÌÁÓÓÏ× É ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÅ Ë ÏÂÝÅÍÕ ÞÉÓÌÕ ÑÞÅÅË. üÔÁ ÆÏÒÍÁ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÁÅÔ +ÞÅÔËÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ï ÓÏÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÉ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÑÞÅÅË É Ã×ÅÔÏ×. + +åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÔÅ +\texttt{r.report}. + +\gcommand{r.report roads} + +\emph{ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔÅ ÓËÏÌØËÏ ÑÞÅÅË × ÓÌÏÅ \texttt{road} ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÔ +ÄÏÒÏÇÁÍ ËÌÁÓÓÁ 'C' Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ \texttt{d.histogram} É \texttt{r.report}. + +ëÁËÕÀ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏÂÝÅÇÏ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÑÞÅÅË ÜÔÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ? + +åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÓÐÏÍÎÉÔØ ËÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ \texttt{r.report} +×ÏÚ×ÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ûÁÇÕ 3 ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ \pageref{step3} + +\medskip + +ôÅÐÅÒØ ÚÁÊÍÉÔÅÓØ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅÍ ÇÉÓÔÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÄÌÑ ÌÀÂÙÈ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ×. +ïÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÐÒÉÌÏÖÅÎÉÀ \ref{commandsapndx} ÉÌÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ +\texttt{d.histogram help} ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ËÁË ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ËÒÕÇÏ×ÕÀ +ÄÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÕ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÇÉÓÔÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ~--- ÐÏÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ!} + +\section{ûÁÇ 6: ïÂßÅÄÉÎÑÅÍ ÓÌÏÉ × ,,ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÕÀ'' ËÁÒÔÕ} + +ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ ÐÏÐÙÔÁÅÍÓÑ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÚ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÆÕÎÄÁÍÅÎÔÁÌØÎÙÈ +çéó-ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÊ, ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ ×ÚÑÔØ Ä×Á ÓÌÏÑ, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÉÈÓÑ Ë ÏÄÎÏÍÕ É ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ +ÒÅÇÉÏÎÕ É ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÉÔØ ÉÈ × ÏÄÉÎ. + +íÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÑÔØ ÓÌÏÉ \texttt{urban}, \texttt{water}, \texttt{rail} É +\texttt{roads}. + +\discussion íÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ÓÅÂÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÓÌÏÅ× Ä×ÕÍÑ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁÍÉ. +÷Ï-ÐÅÒÏ×ÙÈ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÉÔØ \emph{,,ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ''}, ËÏÇÄÁ +ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÓÏ×ÍÅÓÔÎÏ × ÏÄÎÏÍ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÍ +ÏËÎÅ. üÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÑ, É ÎÉËÁËÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÜÔÏÍ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ ÎÅ +ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÅÔÓÑ. ÷Ï-×ÔÏÒÙÈ, ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÄÌÑ +ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÑ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ. üÔÏ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÁÖÎÙÊ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓ, ÔÁË +ËÁË ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÔÏÍ ÄÁÌØÛÅ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÁÍÉ çéó. + +óÎÁÞÁÌÁ, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÍ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ. + +\gcommand{ d.rast urban\\ +d.rast -o water\\ +d.rast -o rail\\ +d.rast -o roads} + +\discussion åÓÌÉ ÐÒÉ ×ÙÚÏ×Å \texttt{d.rast} ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ËÌÀÞ \texttt{-o}, +ÔÏ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÎÅ ÓÔÉÒÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏ ÍÅÒÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÁ ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ. ôÁË ËÁË +ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ÓÏÂÏÊ ,,ÆÏÎ'' (ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ 0), +ËÁÖÄÏÅ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÎÅ ÚÁËÒÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÉÊ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ. + +ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÁÌØÔÁÎÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÐÏÄÈÏÄ É ÓÏÚÄÁÄÉÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ,,ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÙÊ'' +ÓÌÏÊ + +\gcommand{r.patch input=roads,rail,water,urban output=composite} + +\discussion ëÏÍÁÎÄÁ \texttt{r.patch} ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÓËÏÍÂÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ +ÓÌÏÉ, ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÑ Ã×ÅÔÁ É ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÑ, Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÅÊ. ôÏÌØËÏ +ÐÕÓÔÙÅ (ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ 0) ÑÞÅÊËÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÍÅÎÅÎÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÙÍ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ7 + +\emph{÷Ù×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ \texttt{composite} ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎ (ÏÂÒÁÔÉÔÅÓØ Ë ÛÁÇÕ +4 ÎÁ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ \pageref{step4} ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÂÙÌÉ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ + +ëÁËÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÎÁËÌÁÄÙ×ÁÀÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏÉ? + +íÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù ÏÂßÑÓÎÉÔØ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÕ × ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ ÄÌÑ ÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ É ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÇ +ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ? åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÙ, ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÎÑÔØ ÐÏÒÑÄÏË É Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ. +} + +\section{ûÁÇ 7. æÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÛÔÒÉÈÉ Ë ËÏÍÐÌÅËÓÎÏÊ ËÁÒÔÅ} + +ëÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ, ÓÇÅÎÅÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ ÛÁÇÅ 6 É ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÎÙÊ × ÆÁÊÌÅ +\texttt{composite} ÓÏÚÄÁÎ ÐÕÔÅÍ ÏÂßÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ×. ë +ÓÏÖÁÌÅÎÉÀ, ÎÏ×ÁÑ ËÁÒÔÁ ÄÏ ÓÉÈ ÐÏÒ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÇÏ ÉÚ ×ÈÏÄÎÙÈ +ÓÌÏÅ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ \texttt{r.patch} (\texttt{roads}). ÷ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÅÇÏ +ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑ × ÜÔÏÍ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÍÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ GRASS \texttt{r.support} +ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÓÌÏÑ. + +òÁÂÏÔÁÑ Ó ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÏÊ ×Ù ÕÚÎÁÅÔÅ ËÏÅ-ÞÔÏ Ï ÔÏÍ, ËÁËÉÅ ×ÓÐÏÍÏÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÅ +ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÙ Ó ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÍ ÓÌÏÅÍ GRASS. + +\gcommand{r.support} + +\bf{äÉÁÌÏÇ:}\parbox[t]{10cm}{{\tt +Enter name of the raster file\\ +> \textbf{composite} + +Edut the header file for [composite] ? +> y +\fbox{Enter}\\ +\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÆÁÊÌÁ É ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÂÁÊÔ × ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÉ ÑÞÅÊËÉ)}\\ +\fbox{Esc}\\ +\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ ÇÒÁÎÉà ÓÌÏÑ)}\\ +\fbox{Esc}\\ +\textit{(×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÏÂÝÅÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÔÒÏË É ËÏÌÏÎÏË ÒÁÓÔÒÁ)} + +Do you accept this header ? +> \textbf{y} + +Update the stats (histogram, range) ?\\ +> \textbf{n}\\ +\textit{(üÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÈÒÁÎÉÔ ×ÅÒÈÎÉÊ É ÎÉÖÎÉÊ +ÐÒÅÄÅÌÙ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ)} + +Edit the category file?\\ +> \textbf{y}\\ +\fbox{Esc}\\ +\textit{úÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ÏË ÎÁ \textbf{Composite Infrastructure Map} +ÎÁÖÁ× \fbox{Enter} ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ, ÐÏËÁ ËÕÒÓÏÒ ÎÅ ÏËÁÖÅÔÓÑ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ +ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÁ É ××ÅÄÑ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÔÅËÓÔ}\\ +\fbox{Esc} +Category file for [composite] updated\\ +\fbox[Enter] + +Create/update color table?\\ +> \textbf{n} + +Update history file ?\\ +> \textbf{y}\\ +\fbox{Esc}\fbox{Esc}\ + +}} + +\emph[óÅÊÞÁÓ ×Ù ÓÏÚÄÁÌÉ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÙÊ +ËÁÒÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÓÌÏÊ GRASS!} + +\section{úÁËÒÅÐÌÅÎÉÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ} + +÷ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÊ ÍÙ ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÓÏÂÏÊ ÒÑÄ ÃÅÌÅÊ É +ÐÅÒÅÞÉÌÉÌÉ ÓÐÉÓÏË ËÏÍÁÎÄ GRASS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÁÍ ×ÓÔÒÅÔÑÔÓÑ. ôÅÐÅÒØ +ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÍ, ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÌÉ ×Ù Ó×ÑÚÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÃÅÌÑÍÉ É ÚÁÐÏÌÎÉÔØ +ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÉÖÅ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ. ÷ÁÍ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÍÏÞØ ÚÎÁÎÉÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÑ Ï ÉÍÅÎÁÈ +ËÏÍÍÁÎÄ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÈ × GRASS. ëÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ Ó \texttt{d.} +Ó×ÑÚÁÎÙ Ó ×ÉÚÕÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÅÊ ÎÁ ÄÉÓÐÌÅÅ, \texttt{g.}~--- ÏÂÝÉÅ (general) +ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ, ÏÐÅÒÉÒÕÒÀÝÉÅ Ó ÆÁÊÌÁÍÉ, \texttt{i.}~--- ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÎÙÅ Ó +ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÏÊ 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model +\begin{verbatim} + + + + + + +\section{÷ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÅ ÓÒÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ "ÌÅÓÏ× ÐÏÌÅÊ É ÒÅË"}. + +üÔÏ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÅ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ËÏÍÍÁÎÄÙ GRASS r.average ËÁË +ÓÒÅÄÓÔ×Á ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ ÉÚ ÓÌÏÅ× ËÁÒÔÙ. äÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ +r.average ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÍÅÎÎÏ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÔØ Ä×Á ÓÌÏÑ ËÁÒÔÙ. "âÁÚÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ" +ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÇÒÁÎÉà ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÷Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÓÞÉÔÁÔØ +ÓÒÅÄÎÅÅ. "æÁÊÌ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ" ÚÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÕÓÒÅÄÎÑÅÍÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ +Ä×Á ÓÌÏÑ --- ÏÄÉÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ ÇÏÒÏÄÓËÏÊ ÚÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, Á ×ÔÏÒÏÊ +ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÁÓÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÑ. äÌÑ ÐÏÄÓÞÅÔÁ ?ÓÒÅÄÎÅÊ ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔÉ ÇÏÒÏÄÓËÏÇÏ +ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÑ?, "ÂÁÚÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ" ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓÌÏÊ Ó ÇÒÁÎÉÃÁÍÉ, Á "ÆÁÊÌ ÚÁÎÞÅÎÉÊ" --- +ÒÁÓÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÑ. + +÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÕ ÓÌÏÑ topo, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÇÏ +ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ×ÙÓÏÔÅ ÍÅÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁÄ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÍ ÍÏÒÑ. äÌÑ ×ÙÂÏÒÁ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ +ÒÁÓÞÅÔÁ ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÙ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÅÊÓÑ +× ÓÌÏÅ landcov. + +÷ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ r.report É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔÅ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ +É ÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ × ÓÌÏÅ landcov. ÷ÐÉÛÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÏÃÅÎÉ×ÁÅÍÏÊ +ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓ×ÕÀÝÉÅ ËÏÌÏÎÎÙ ÎÉÖÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÊ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÙ. + +Display 4. + +\begin{verbatim} + +Category Land Use Average Height Total Area +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +........ ................... ................... .............. +\end{verbatim} + +ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÄÓÞÉÔÁÅÍ ÓÒÅÄÎÀÀ ×ÙÓÏÔÕ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÚÅÍÅÌØ. + +\gcommand{r.average base=landcov cover=topo output=avheight} + +ïÔÏÂÒÁÚÉÍ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÙÊ ÓÌÏÊ ÓÒÅÄÎÉÈ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ ×ÙÓÏÔÙ ÍÅÓÔÎÏÓÔÉ. + +\gcommand{d.rast avheight} +\discussion éÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÞÎÙÍ ËÁÒÔÅ landcov, ÎÏ +ÉÍÅÅÔ ÉÎÕÀ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÕ Ã×ÅÔÏ×. +þÔÏ ÏÔÒÁÖÁÅÔ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÉÚ Ã×ÅÔÏ×? +íÙ ÕÖÅ ÚÁÎÅÍ ËÁË ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÒÁÓÐÅÞÁÔËÕ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÊ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ r.report. ôÅÐÅÒØ +ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÅÍ ÉÎÏÊ ÓÐÏÓÏÂ. + +\gcommand{ d.what.rast avheight} +òÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔ: îÁ×ÅÄÅÍ ÕËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÍÙÛÉ ÎÁ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ É ÎÁÖÍÅÍ ÌÅ×ÙÊ ÂÕÔÏÎ +ÎÁ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÉÚ Ã×ÅÔÎÙÈ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ. ÷ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÏ Ä×Å ÓÔÒÏËÉ, ÎÁÐÒÍÅÒ + +\begin{verbatim} +445175(E) 317675(N) +avheight in username (2) 76.300663 +\end{verbatim} + +ëÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ: ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ÌÉÎÉÑ ÏÔÏÂÒÁÖÁÅÔ ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ ×ÙÂÒÁÎÎÏÊ +ÍÙÛØÀ ÔÏÞËÉ ÒÁÓÔÒÏ×ÏÇÏ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ. þÉÓÌÏ × ÓËÏÂËÁÈ ×Ï ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÌÉÎÉÉ +ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÀ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ (× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÔÉÐ ÚÅÍÌÅÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ), +Á ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ ÞÉÓÌÏ ÍÅÔËÁ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÉ ÎÁ ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÏÅ (ÓÒÅÄÎÉÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ×ÙÓÏÔÙ). + +íÙ ÎÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÙ × ÞÉÓÌÅ ÏÄÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÏÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ËÁÒÔ. ðÏÐÒÂÕÊÔÅ +ÅÄÉÎÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏ ÏÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ landcov É avheight. + +\gcommand{d.what.rast landcov,avheight} + +ïÔÍÅÔØÔÅ ×ÓÅ 8 ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÈ Ã×ÅÔÏ× × ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÈ ËÏÌÏÎËÁÈ +ÍÅÎÀ(ÆÏÒÍÙ)4 ÎÁ ÓÔÒ.ÈÈ. îÁÖÍÉÔÅ ÐÒÁ×ÕÀ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ ÍÙÛÉ ËÏÇÄÁ ÚÁËÏÎÞÉÔÅ. + + +\discussion + + 1 83.61\\ + 2 76.30\\ + 3 135.25\\ + 4 142.94\\ + 5 104.02\\ + 6 133.48\\ + 7 148.25\\ + 8 99.27 + +ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÓÏ×ÐÁÄÁÀÔ ÌÉ ÷ÁÛÉ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ Ó ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÍÉ (ÄÏ 2 ÚÎÁËÁ +ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÐÑÔÏÊ). üÔÁ ÔÁÂÌÉÃÁ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓÒÅÄÎÉÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ ×ÙÓÏÔ × ÍÅÔÒÁÈ +ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ ÚÅÍÅÌØ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÈÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ landcov. + +\emph{úÁ ÞÔÏ ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙ ÜÔÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ÚÁ ÞÔÏ ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÀÔ? +íÏÖÎÏ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÉÔØ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ Ó×ÑÚÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ ×ÙÓÏÔÏÊ É ËÌÉÍÁÔÏÍ/×ÅÇÅÔÁÃÉÅÊ. +þÔÏ ÅÝÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÏ Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÚÁÎÞÅÎÉÑÍÉ? +} + + +\section{÷ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÔÑÖÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÒÅË ÐÏ ËÕÌØÔÉ×ÉÒÕÅÍÙÍ É ÉÎÄÕÓÔÒÉÁÌØÎÙÍ +ÒÅÇÉÏÎÁÍ.} + + diff --git a/gs_intro.tex b/gs_intro.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75b7435 --- /dev/null +++ b/gs_intro.tex @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +\chapter*{ðÒÅÄÉÓÌÏ×ÉÅ Á×ÔÏÒÏ×} + +òÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÏ +Mitchel Langford +Joseph Wood + +ðÒÉ ÐÏÍÏÝÉ + +Caroline Crumpton +Alistair Duncan +Alan Strachan +David Unwin + +÷ÅÒÓÉÑ 2.1 + +"GRASS Seeds - A Beginer's Tutorial" É ÐÒÉÌÁÇÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ +ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ, ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ, ÐÒÏÄÁ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÂÅÚ ÐÒÑÍÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ MRRL +ÉÓËÌÀÞÁÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÈ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÏÂÙÞÎÏÊ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÊ +ÄÅÑÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ × ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÓËÏÐÉÒÏ×Á×ÛÇÏ ÉÈ ÌÉÃÁ. + +GRASS SEEDS +ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈ + +GRASS SEEDS ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÅÔ ÍÅÔÏÄÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÞÅÍ ×ÏÓØÍÉ ÞÁÓÏ× +ÚÁÎÑÔÉÊ ÄÌÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈ ÉÚÕÞÁÔØ GIS/GRASS. ôÁËÖÅ ÌÉÃÁ ÉÍÅÀÝÉÅ ÏÐÙÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × +GIS, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÚÎÁËÏÍÙÅ Ó GRASS ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÜÔÉ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÂÑ. åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ +ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë GRASS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ +Ë ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÷Ù ÉÍÅÅÔÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ, É × GRASS ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÁ ÂÁÚÁ leics, +ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÁÑ ÕÞÅÂÎÙÊ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ ÄÁÎÎÏÇÏ ÐÏÓÏÂÉÑ. + +üÔÏ ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅ ÐÅÒ×ÏÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÁÍÏÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ ÏÎÏ +ÌÅÇËÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÁÄÁÐÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÇÒÕÐÐÏ×ÏÇÏ ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÑ. ïÎÏ +ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÞÅÔÙÒÅ Ä×ÕÈ ÞÁÓÏ×ÙÈ ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÎÙÈ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ, ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ +ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÅÔ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÕÀ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÀ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ Ó GIS. ëÁÖÄÁÑ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ ÄÌÑ +ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÕÝÎÏÓÔÉ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÏÊ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ ÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ ÉÚ +"ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÖÉÚÎÉ". ðÒÅÄÕÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÙ ÚÁËÒÅÐÌÑÀÝÅ-ÕÇÌÕÂÌÑÀÝÉÅ ÕÐÒÁÖÎÅÎÉÑ ÐÏ ÉÚÕÞÁÅÍÕÀ +ÔÅÈÎÉËÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÚÁÎÑÔÉÑ. ðÒÏÊÄÑ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ËÕÒÓ ÷Ù +ÓÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÅÔÅ ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÎÁ×ÙËÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ × GRASS, ÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÊÍÅÔÅ +ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÙ É ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÔÅÈÎÉË GIS × ÃÅÌÏÍ. + +\section*{âÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÎÏÓÔÉ} + +íÙ íÙ ÇÌÕÂÏËÏ ÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÎÙ ÚÁ ×ËÌÁÄ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÊ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÍÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÎÉËÁÍÉ ASSIST, +ÇÅÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÄÅÐÁÒÔÁÍÅÎÔÁ É MRRL ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÁ ?×? 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ÓÒÅÄÎÅÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, Á ×ÓÅ +"ÎÅÚÁÎÑÔÙÅ" ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÎÕÌÅ×ÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÐÌÏÔÎÏÓÔÉ. + +\subsection{óÓÙÌËÉ} + +Bartholomew Bartholomew Inc., Edinburgh, Scotland. ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis +System (ERDAS)Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. + +GRASS USACERL, PO Box 9005, Champaign, Illinois. Idrisi Clark University, 950 Main St, +Worcester,Massachusetts. + +Langford M, Maguire DJ, Unwin DJ (1989) Mapping the density ofpopulation: continuous surface representations + +as an alternative to choroplethic and dasymetricmaps, Research Report No.8, Midlan#ds Regional Research Laboratory, LeicesterUniversity. + +pcARC-INFO Environmental Systems Research Institute(ESRI) Inc., Redlands, California. + + -- 2.39.2